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water-producing area

  • 1 водосбор

    water-producing area, catchment of water, encatchment, water collection, gathering ground

    Русско-английский словарь по строительству и новым строительным технологиям > водосбор

  • 2 водосборная площадь

    1) General subject: catchment area, catchment-basin (реки), drainage-area, watershed
    4) Construction: drain area, encatchment
    6) Solar energy: water shed
    7) Oceanography: catchment
    8) Makarov: watershed area

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > водосборная площадь

  • 3 водосбор

    1) Geology: water collection
    2) Botanical term: columbine, columbine (Aquilegia), columbine (Aquilegia gen.)
    4) Construction: encatchment
    7) Solar energy: water shed
    8) Marine science: water catch
    9) Makarov: accumulation of water, catchment area (реки, озера), collecting area, encatchment area, headwater, headwaters, reservoir, river basin, water production area
    10) General subject: drainage ditch, reception basin

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > водосбор

  • 4 площадь водосбора

    2) Engineering: drainage basin

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > площадь водосбора

  • 5 бассейн реки

    1) General subject: catchment area, river basin, river-basin, watershed (Amer.)
    2) Geology: basin, encatchment area
    3) Naval: drainage basin
    4) Architecture: catchment area( basin)
    6) Cartography: catchment basin
    8) Solar energy: drainage-basin, water shed

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > бассейн реки

  • 6 водосборная площадь

    catchment area, ( реки) drain area, drainage area, water-collecting area, water-producing area, water-shed area, encatchment

    Русско-английский словарь по строительству и новым строительным технологиям > водосборная площадь

  • 7 sobrante

    adj.
    1 remaining.
    2 surplus, remaining, left.
    m.
    surplus.
    * * *
    1 leftover, remaining, spare
    1 excess, surplus
    * * *
    1.
    ADJ (=excedente) spare; (=restante) remaining
    2. SM
    1) (=lo que sobra) [gen] surplus, remainder; (Com, Econ) surplus; (=saldo activo) balance in hand
    3.
    SMF redundant worker, laid-off worker (EEUU), person made redundant
    * * *
    I
    adjetivo remaining

    el material sobrante — the spare o surplus material

    II
    masculino remainder, surplus
    * * *
    = overflow, spare, surplus [surpluses, -pl.], left-over [left over], excess, overflowing, surplus excess, excess capacity, spillover, leftover.
    Ex. If a particular cylinder becomes full, there are one or more tracks or cylinders that have been set aside for overflow records.
    Ex. If variable-length data (e.g. a title) are to be entered into a fixed-length field, there will be occasions when there is spare capacity in the field.
    Ex. Once a university's reserve store is filled it should be expected to dispose of surplus stock, normally to the British Library.
    Ex. Having extracted what appears to be the main problem, the analyst should now list the ' left over' problems.
    Ex. Place a drop of a saturated solution of sugar in water on the paper and dab up the excess liquid with cotton wool.
    Ex. A new facility was then created 10 years ago to microfilm its overflowing paper files.
    Ex. This article describes a system concept for the revenue producing disposition of surplus capacity at off peak times in real trunking networks.
    Ex. Huge excess capacity could potentially destabilize the long distance market.
    Ex. We're close to spillover, as the reservoir is about a foot from coming over the top.
    Ex. Bubble and squeak is a triumph of thriftiness in that it uses leftover vegetables and meat.
    ----
    * zona de recogida de lo sobrante = overflow area.
    * * *
    I
    adjetivo remaining

    el material sobrante — the spare o surplus material

    II
    masculino remainder, surplus
    * * *
    = overflow, spare, surplus [surpluses, -pl.], left-over [left over], excess, overflowing, surplus excess, excess capacity, spillover, leftover.

    Ex: If a particular cylinder becomes full, there are one or more tracks or cylinders that have been set aside for overflow records.

    Ex: If variable-length data (e.g. a title) are to be entered into a fixed-length field, there will be occasions when there is spare capacity in the field.
    Ex: Once a university's reserve store is filled it should be expected to dispose of surplus stock, normally to the British Library.
    Ex: Having extracted what appears to be the main problem, the analyst should now list the ' left over' problems.
    Ex: Place a drop of a saturated solution of sugar in water on the paper and dab up the excess liquid with cotton wool.
    Ex: A new facility was then created 10 years ago to microfilm its overflowing paper files.
    Ex: This article describes a system concept for the revenue producing disposition of surplus capacity at off peak times in real trunking networks.
    Ex: Huge excess capacity could potentially destabilize the long distance market.
    Ex: We're close to spillover, as the reservoir is about a foot from coming over the top.
    Ex: Bubble and squeak is a triumph of thriftiness in that it uses leftover vegetables and meat.
    * zona de recogida de lo sobrante = overflow area.

    * * *
    remaining
    las entradas sobrantes the remaining o spare tickets, the tickets that are left over
    el dinero sobrante the remaining money, the money that was left over, the surplus
    el material sobrante the spare o surplus material, the material that is left over
    con la masa sobrante podríamos hacer unos bizcochitos we could make some sponge cakes with the leftover mixture
    remainder, surplus
    * * *

    sobrante
    I adj (restante, remanente) spare, remaining
    II sustantivo masculino surplus
    ' sobrante' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    escorrentía
    - remanente
    - superflua
    - superfluo
    English:
    doggy bag
    - superfluous
    - left
    - waste
    * * *
    ♦ adj
    remaining;
    con el dinero sobrante se irán de vacaciones with the money that's left over they plan to go on Br holiday o US vacation;
    los huesos sobrantes se pueden utilizar para una sopa the leftover bones can be used for stock
    ♦ nm
    surplus
    * * *
    adj remaining, left over
    * * *
    : remaining, superfluous
    : remainder, surplus
    * * *
    sobrante adj leftover / spare

    Spanish-English dictionary > sobrante

  • 8 Reichenbach, Georg Friedrich von

    [br]
    b. 24 August 1772 Durlach, Baden, Germany
    d. 21 May 1826 Munich, Germany
    [br]
    German engineer.
    [br]
    While he was attending the Military School at Mannheim, Reichenbach drew attention to himself due to the mathematical instruments that he had designed. On the recommendation of Count Rumford in Munich, the Bavarian government financed a two-year stay in Britain so that Reichenbach could become acquainted with modern mechanical engineering. He returned to Mannheim in 1793, and during the Napoleonic Wars he was involved in the manufacture of arms. In Munich, where he was in the service of the Bavarian state from 1796, he started producing precision instruments in his own time. His basic invention was the design of a dividing machine for circles, produced at the end of the eighteenth century. The astronomic and geodetic instruments he produced excelled all the others for their precision. His telescopes in particular, being perfect in use and of solid construction, soon brought him an international reputation. They were manufactured at the MathematicMechanical Institute, which he had jointly founded with Joseph Utzschneider and Joseph Liebherr in 1804 and which became a renowned training establishment. The glasses and lenses were produced by Joseph Fraunhofer who joined the company in 1807.
    In the same year he was put in charge of the technical reorganization of the salt-works at Reichenhall. After he had finished the brine-transport line from Reichenhall to Traunstein in 1810, he started on the one from Berchtesgaden to Reichenhall which was an extremely difficult task because of the mountainous area that had to be crossed. As water was the only source of energy available he decided to use water-column engines for pumping the brine in the pipes of both lines. Such devices had been in use for pumping purposes in different mining areas since the middle of the eighteenth century. Reichenbach knew about the one constructed by Joseph Karl Hell in Slovakia, which in principle had just been a simple piston-pump driven by water which did not work satisfactorily. Instead he constructed a really effective double-action water-column engine; this was a short time after Richard Trevithick had constructed a similar machine in England. For the second line he improved the system and built a single-action pump. All the parts of it were made of metal, which made them easy to produce, and the pumps proved to be extremely reliable, working for over 100 years.
    At the official opening of the line in 1817 the Bavarian king rewarded him generously. He remained in the state's service, becoming head of the department for roads and waterways in 1820, and he contributed to the development of Bavarian industry as well as the public infrastructure in many ways as a result of his mechanical skill and his innovative engineering mind.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    Bauernfeind, "Georg von Reichenbach" Allgemeine deutsche Biographie 27:656–67 (a reliable nineteenth-century account).
    W.Dyck, 1912, Georg v. Reichenbach, Munich.
    K.Matschoss, 1941, Grosse Ingenieure, Munich and Berlin, 3rd edn. 121–32 (a concise description of his achievements in the development of optical instruments and engineering).
    WK

    Biographical history of technology > Reichenbach, Georg Friedrich von

  • 9 Champion, Nehemiah

    SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy
    [br]
    b. 1678 probably Bristol, England
    d. 9 September 1747 probably Bristol, England
    [br]
    English merchant and brass manufacturer of Bristol.
    [br]
    Several members of Champion's Quaker family were actively engaged as merchants in Bristol during the late seventeenth and the eighteenth centuries. Port records show Nehemiah in receipt of Cornish copper ore at Bristol's Crews Hole smelting works by 1706, in association with the newly formed brassworks of the city. He later became a leading partner, managing the company some time after Abraham Darby left the Bristol works to pursue his interest at Coalbrookdale. Champion, probably in company with his father, became the largest customer for Darby's Coalbrookdale products and also acted as Agent, at least briefly, for Thomas Newcomen.
    A patent in 1723 related to two separate innovations introduced by the brass company.
    The first improved the output of brass by granulating the copper constituent and increasing its surface area. A greater proportion of zinc vapour could permeate the granules compared with the previous practice, resulting in the technique being adopted generally in the cementation process used at the time. The latter part of the same patent introduced a new type of coal-fired furnace which facilitated annealing in bulk so replacing the individual processing of pieces. The principle of batch annealing was generally adopted, although the type of furnace was later improved. A further patent, in 1739, in the name of Nehemiah, concerned overshot water-wheels possibly intended for use in conjunction with the Newcomen atmospheric pumping engine employed for recycling water by his son William.
    Champion's two sons, John and William, and their two sons, both named John, were all concerned with production of non-ferrous metals and responsible for patented innovations. Nehemiah, shortly before his death, is believed to have partnered William at the Warmley works to exploit his son's new patent for producing metallic zinc.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1723, British patent no. 454 (granulated copper technique and coal-fired furnace). 1739, British patent no. 567 (overshot water-wheels).
    Further Reading
    A.Raistrick, 1950, Quakers in Science and Industry, London: Bannisdale Press (for the Champion family generally).
    J.Day, 1973, Bristol Brass, a History of the Industry, Newton Abbot: David \& Charles (for the industrial activities of Nehemiah).
    JD

    Biographical history of technology > Champion, Nehemiah

  • 10 Darby, Abraham

    SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy
    [br]
    b. 1678 near Dudley, Worcestershire, England
    d. 5 May 1717 Madely Court, Coalbrookdale, Shropshire, England
    [br]
    English ironmaster, inventor of the coke smelting of iron ore.
    [br]
    Darby's father, John, was a farmer who also worked a small forge to produce nails and other ironware needed on the farm. He was brought up in the Society of Friends, or Quakers, and this community remained important throughout his personal and working life. Darby was apprenticed to Jonathan Freeth, a malt-mill maker in Birmingham, and on completion of his apprenticeship in 1699 he took up the trade himself in Bristol. Probably in 1704, he visited Holland to study the casting of brass pots and returned to Bristol with some Dutch workers, setting up a brassworks at Baptist Mills in partnership with others. He tried substituting cast iron for brass in his castings, without success at first, but in 1707 he was granted a patent, "A new way of casting iron pots and other pot-bellied ware in sand without loam or clay". However, his business associates were unwilling to risk further funds in the experiments, so he withdrew his share of the capital and moved to Coalbrookdale in Shropshire. There, iron ore, coal, water-power and transport lay close at hand. He took a lease on an old furnace and began experimenting. The shortage and expense of charcoal, and his knowledge of the use of coke in malting, may well have led him to try using coke to smelt iron ore. The furnace was brought into blast in 1709 and records show that in the same year it was regularly producing iron, using coke instead of charcoal. The process seems to have been operating successfully by 1711 in the production of cast-iron pots and kettles, with some pig-iron destined for Bristol. Darby prospered at Coalbrookdale, employing coke smelting with consistent success, and he sought to extend his activities in the neighbourhood and in other parts of the country. However, ill health prevented him from pursuing these ventures with his previous energy. Coke smelting spread slowly in England and the continent of Europe, but without Darby's technological breakthrough the ever-increasing demand for iron for structures and machines during the Industrial Revolution simply could not have been met; it was thus an essential component of the technological progress that was to come.
    Darby's eldest son, Abraham II (1711–63), entered the Coalbrookdale Company partnership in 1734 and largely assumed control of the technical side of managing the furnaces and foundry. He made a number of improvements, notably the installation of a steam engine in 1742 to pump water to an upper level in order to achieve a steady source of water-power to operate the bellows supplying the blast furnaces. When he built the Ketley and Horsehay furnaces in 1755 and 1756, these too were provided with steam engines. Abraham II's son, Abraham III (1750–89), in turn, took over the management of the Coalbrookdale works in 1768 and devoted himself to improving and extending the business. His most notable achievement was the design and construction of the famous Iron Bridge over the river Severn, the world's first iron bridge. The bridge members were cast at Coalbrookdale and the structure was erected during 1779, with a span of 100 ft (30 m) and height above the river of 40 ft (12 m). The bridge still stands, and remains a tribute to the skill and judgement of Darby and his workers.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    A.Raistrick, 1989, Dynasty of Iron Founders, 2nd edn, Ironbridge Gorge Museum Trust (the best source for the lives of the Darbys and the work of the company).
    H.R.Schubert, 1957, History of the British Iron and Steel Industry AD 430 to AD 1775, London: Routledge \& Kegan Paul.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Darby, Abraham

  • 11 Castner, Hamilton Young

    SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology
    [br]
    b. 11 September 1858 Brooklyn, New York, USA
    d. 11 October 1899 Saranoe Lake, New York, USA
    [br]
    American chemist, inventor of the electrolytic production of sodium.
    [br]
    Around 1850, the exciting new metal aluminium began to be produced by the process developed by Sainte-Claire Deville. However, it remained expensive on account of the high cost of one of the raw materials, sodium. It was another thirty years before Castner became the first to work successfully the process for producing sodium, which consisted of heating sodium hydroxide with charcoal at a high temperature. Unable to interest American backers in the process, Castner took it to England and set up a plant at Oldbury, near Birmingham. At the moment he achieved commercial success, however, the demand for cheap sodium plummeted as a result of the development of the electrolytic process for producing aluminium. He therefore sought other uses for cheap sodium, first converting it to sodium peroxide, a bleaching agent much used in the straw-hat industry. Much more importantly, Castner persuaded the gold industry to use sodium instead of potassium cyanide in the refining of gold. With the "gold rush", he established a large market in Australia, the USA, South Africa and elsewhere, but the problem was to meet the demand, so Castner turned to the electrolytic method. At first progress was slow because of the impure nature of the sodium hydroxide, so he used a mercury cathode, with which the released sodium formed an amalgam. It then reacted with water in a separate compartment in the cell to form sodium hydroxide of a purity hitherto unknown in the alkali industry; chlorine was a valuable by-product.
    In 1894 Castner began to seek international patents for the cell, but found he had been anticipated in Germany by Kellner, an Austrian chemist. Preferring negotiation to legal confrontation, Castner exchanged patents and processes with Kellner, although the latter's had been less successful. The cell became known as the Castner-Kellner cell, but the process needed cheap electricity and salt, neither of which was available near Oldbury, so he set up the Castner-Kellner Alkali Company works at Runcorn in Cheshire; at the same time, a pilot plant was set up in the USA at Saltville, Virginia, with a larger plant being established at Niagara Falls.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    A.Fleck, 1947, "The life and work of Hamilton Young Castner" (Castner Memorial Lecture), Chemistry and Industry 44:515-; Fifty Years of Progress: The Story of the Castner-Kellner Company, 1947.
    T.K.Derry and T.I.Williams, 1960, A Short History of Technology, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 549–50 (provides a summary of his work).
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Castner, Hamilton Young

  • 12 Mitscherlich, Alexander

    SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing
    [br]
    b. 28 May 1836 Berlin, Germany
    d. 31 May 1918 Oberstdorf, Germany
    [br]
    German inventor of sulphite wood pulp for papermaking.
    [br]
    Mitscherlich had an impeccable scientific background; his father was the celebrated chemist Eilhardt Mitscherlich, discoverer of the law of isomorphism, and his godfather was Alexander von Humboldt. At first his progress at school failed to live up to this auspicious beginning and his father would only sanction higher studies if he first qualified as a teacher so as to assure a means of livelihood. Alexander rose to the occasion and went on to gain his doctorate at the age of 25 in the field of mineralogical chemistry. He worked for a few years as Assistant to the distinguished chemists Wöhler in Göttingen and Wurtz in Paris. On his father's death in 1863, he succeeded him as teacher of chemistry in the University of Berlin. In 1868 he accepted a post in the newly established Forest Academy in Hannoversch-Munden, teaching chemistry, physics and geology. The post offered little financial advantage, but it left him more time for research. It was there that he invented the process for producing sulphite wood pulp.
    The paper industry was seeking new raw materials. Since the 1840s pulp had been produced mechanically from wood, but it was unsuitable for making fine papers. From the mid-1860s several chemists began tackling the problem of separating the cellulose fibres from the other constituents of wood by chemical means. The American Benjamin C.Tilghman was granted patents in several countries for the treatment of wood with acid or bisulphite. Carl Daniel Ekman in Sweden and Karl Kellner in Austria also made sulphite pulp, but the credit for devising the process that came into general use belongs to Mitscherlich. His brother Oskar came to him at the Academy with plans for producing pulp by the action of soda, but the results were inferior, so Mitscherlich substituted calcium bisulphite and in the laboratory obtained good results. To extend this to a large-scale process, he was forced to set up his own mill, where he devised the characteristic towers for making the calcium bisulphite, in which water trickling down through packed lime met a rising current of sulphur dioxide. He was granted a patent in Luxembourg in 1874 and a German one four years later. The sulphite process did not make him rich, for there was considerable opposition to it; government objected to the smell of sulphur dioxide, forestry authorities were anxious about the inroads that might be made into the forests and his patents were contested. In 1883, with the support of an inheritance from his mother, Mitscherlich resigned his post at the Academy to devote more time to promoting his invention. In 1897 he at last succeeded in settling the patent disputes and achieving recognition as the inventor of sulphite pulp. Without this raw material, the paper industry could never have satisfied the insatiable appetite of the newspaper presses.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    H.Voorn "Alexander Mitscherlich, inventor of sulphite wood pulp", Paper Maker 23(1): 41–4.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Mitscherlich, Alexander

  • 13 Ramsbottom, John

    [br]
    b. 11 September 1814 Todmorden, Lancashire, England
    d. 20 May 1897 Alderley Edge, Cheshire, England
    [br]
    English railway engineer, inventor of the reversing rolling mill.
    [br]
    Ramsbottom's initial experience was gained at the locomotive manufacturers Sharp, Roberts \& Co. At the age of 28 he was Manager of the Longsight works of the Manchester \& Birmingham Railway, which, with other lines, became part of the London \& North Western Railway (L \& NWR) in 1846. Ramsbottom was appointed Locomotive Superintendent of its north-eastern division. Soon after 1850 came his first major invention, that of the split-ring piston, consisting of castiron rings fitted round the piston to ensure a steam-tight fit in the cylinder. This proved to be successful, with a worldwide application. In 1856 he introduced sight-feed lubrication and the form of safety valve that bears his name. In 1857 he became Locomotive Superintendent of the L \& NWR at Crewe, producing two notable classes of locomotives: 2–4–0s for passenger traffic; and 0–6–0s for goods. They were of straightforward design and robust construction, and ran successfully for many years. His most spectacular railway invention was the water trough between the rails which enabled locomotives to replenish their water tanks without stopping.
    As part of his policy of making Crewe works as independent as possible, Ramsbottom made several metallurgical innovations. He installed one of the earliest Bessemer converters for steelmaking. More important, in 1866 he coupled the engine part of a railway engine to a two-high rolling mill so that the rolls could be run in either direction, and quickly change direction, by means of the standard railway link reversing gear. This greatly speeded up the rolling of iron or steel into the required sections. He eventually retired in 1871.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    J.N.Weatwood, 1977, Locomotive Designers in the Age of Steam, London: Sidgwick \& Jackson, pp. 43–7.
    W.K.V.Gale, 1969, Iron and Steel, London: Longmans, p. 80 (provides brief details of his reversing mill).
    F.C.Hammerton, 1937, John Ramsbottom, the Father of the Modern Locomotive,
    London.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Ramsbottom, John

  • 14 Roebuck, John

    SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology
    [br]
    b. 1718 Sheffield, England
    d. 17 July 1794
    [br]
    English chemist and manufacturer, inventor of the lead-chamber process for sulphuric acid.
    [br]
    The son of a prosperous Sheffield manufacturer, Roebuck forsook the family business to pursue studies in medicine at Edinburgh University. There he met Dr Joseph Black (1727–99), celebrated Professor of Chemistry, who aroused in Roebuck a lasting interest in chemistry. Roebuck continued his studies at Leyden, where he took his medical degree in 1742. He set up in practice in Birmingham, but in his spare time he continued chemical experiments that might help local industries.
    Among his early achievements was his new method of refining gold and silver. Success led to the setting up of a large laboratory and a reputation as a chemical consultant. It was at this time that Roebuck devised an improved way of making sulphuric acid. This vital substance was then made by burning sulphur and nitre (potassium nitrate) over water in a glass globe. The scale of the process was limited by the fragility of the glass. Roebuck substituted "lead chambers", or vessels consisting of sheets of lead, a metal both cheap and resistant to acids, set in wooden frames. After the first plant was set up in 1746, productivity rose and the price of sulphuric acid fell sharply. Success encouraged Roebuck to establish a second, larger plant at Prestonpans, near Edinburgh. He preferred to rely on secrecy rather than patents to preserve his monopoly, but a departing employee took the secret with him and the process spread rapidly in England and on the European continent. It remained the standard process until it was superseded by the contact process towards the end of the nineteenth century. Roebuck next turned his attention to ironmaking and finally selected a site on the Carron river, near Falkirk in Scotland, where the raw materials and water power and transport lay close at hand. The Carron ironworks began producing iron in 1760 and became one of the great names in the history of ironmaking. Roebuck was an early proponent of the smelting of iron with coke, pioneered by Abraham Darby at Coalbrookdale. To supply the stronger blast required, Roebuck consulted John Smeaton, who c. 1760 installed the first blowing cylinders of any size.
    All had so far gone well for Roebuck, but he now leased coal-mines and salt-works from the Duke of Hamilton's lands at Borrowstonness in Linlithgow. The coal workings were plagued with flooding which the existing Newcomen engines were unable to overcome. Through his friendship with Joseph Black, patron of James Watt, Roebuck persuaded Watt to join him to apply his improved steam-engine to the flooded mine. He took over Black's loan to Watt of £1,200, helped him to obtain the first steam-engine patent of 1769 and took a two-thirds interest in the project. However, the new engine was not yet equal to the task and the debts mounted. To satisfy his creditors, Roebuck had to dispose of his capital in his various ventures. One creditor was Matthew Boulton, who accepted Roebuck's two-thirds share in Watt's steam-engine, rather than claim payment from his depleted estate, thus initiating a famous partnership. Roebuck was retained to manage Borrowstonness and allowed an annuity for his continued support until his death in 1794.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    Memoir of John Roebuck in J.Roy. Soc. Edin., vol. 4 (1798), pp. 65–87.
    S.Gregory, 1987, "John Roebuck, 18th century entrepreneur", Chem. Engr. 443:28–31.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Roebuck, John

  • 15 Seguin, Marc

    [br]
    b. 20 April 1786 Annonay, Ardèche, France
    d. 24 February 1875 Annonay, Ardèche, France
    [br]
    French engineer, inventor of multi-tubular firetube boiler.
    [br]
    Seguin trained under Joseph Montgolfier, one of the inventors of the hot-air balloon, and became a pioneer of suspension bridges. In 1825 he was involved in an attempt to introduce steam navigation to the River Rhône using a tug fitted with a winding drum to wind itself upstream along a cable attached to a point on the bank, with a separate boat to transfer the cable from point to point. The attempt proved unsuccessful and was short-lived, but in 1825 Seguin had decided also to seek a government concession for a railway from Saint-Etienne to Lyons as a feeder of traffic to the river. He inspected the Stockton \& Darlington Railway and met George Stephenson; the concession was granted in 1826 to Seguin Frères \& Ed. Biot and two steam locomotives were built to their order by Robert Stephenson \& Co. The locomotives were shipped to France in the spring of 1828 for evaluation prior to construction of others there; each had two vertical cylinders, one each side between front and rear wheels, and a boiler with a single large-diameter furnace tube, with a watertube grate. Meanwhile, in 1827 Seguin, who was still attempting to produce a steamboat powerful enough to navigate the fast-flowing Rhône, had conceived the idea of increasing the heating surface of a boiler by causing the hot gases from combustion to pass through a series of tubes immersed in the water. He was soon considering application of this type of boiler to a locomotive. He applied for a patent for a multi-tubular boiler on 12 December 1827 and carried out numerous experiments with various means of producing a forced draught to overcome the perceived obstruction caused by the small tubes. By May 1829 the steam-navigation venture had collapsed, but Seguin had a locomotive under construction in the workshops of the Lyons-Sain t- Etienne Railway: he retained the cylinder layout of its Stephenson locomotives, but incorporated a boiler of his own design. The fire was beneath the barrel, surrounded by a water-jacket: a single large flue ran towards the front of the boiler, whence hot gases returned via many small tubes through the boiler barrel to a chimney above the firedoor. Draught was provided by axle-driven fans on the tender.
    Seguin was not aware of the contemporary construction of Rocket, with a multi-tubular boiler, by Robert Stephenson; Rocket had its first trial run on 5 September 1829, but the precise date on which Seguin's locomotive first ran appears to be unknown, although by 20 October many experiments had been carried out upon it. Seguin's concept of a multi-tubular locomotive boiler therefore considerably antedated that of Henry Booth, and his first locomotive was completed about the same date as Rocket. It was from Rocket's boiler, however, rather than from that of Seguin's locomotive, that the conventional locomotive boiler was descended.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    February 1828, French patent no. 3,744 (multi-tubular boiler).
    1839, De l'Influence des chemins de fer et de l'art de les tracer et de les construire, Paris.
    Further Reading
    F.Achard and L.Seguin, 1928, "Marc Seguin and the invention of the tubular boiler", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 7 (traces the chronology of Seguin's boilers).
    ——1928, "British railways of 1825 as seen by Marc Seguin", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 7.
    J.B.Snell, 1964, Early Railways, London: Weidenfeld \& Nicolson.
    J.-M.Combe and B.Escudié, 1991, Vapeurs sur le Rhône, Lyons: Presses Universitaires de Lyon.
    PJGR

    Biographical history of technology > Seguin, Marc

  • 16 Sutton, Thomas

    [br]
    b. 1819 England
    d. 1875 Jersey, Channel Islands
    [br]
    English photographer and writer on photography.
    [br]
    In 1841, while studying at Cambridge, Sutton became interested in photography and tried out the current processes, daguerreotype, calotype and cyanotype among them. He subsequently settled in Jersey, where he continued his photographic studies. In 1855 he opened a photographic printing works in Jersey, in partnership with L.-D. Blanquart- Evrard, exploiting the latter's process for producing developed positive prints. He started and edited one of the first photographic periodicals, Photographic Notes, in 1856; until its cessation in 1867, his journal presented a fresher view of the world of photography than that given by its London-based rivals. He also drew up the first dictionary of photography in 1858.
    In 1859 Sutton designed and patented a wideangle lens in which the space between two meniscus lenses, forming parts of a sphere and sealed in a metal rim, was filled with water; the lens so formed could cover an angle of up to 120 degrees at an aperture of f12. Sutton's design was inspired by observing the images produced by the water-filled sphere of a "snowstorm" souvenir brought home from Paris! Sutton commissioned the London camera-maker Frederick Cox to make the Panoramic camera, demonstrating the first model in January 1860; it took panoramic pictures on curved glass plates 152×381 mm in size. Cox later advertised other models in a total of four sizes. In January 1861 Sutton handed over manufacture to Andrew Ross's son Thomas Ross, who produced much-improved lenses and also cameras in three sizes. Sutton then developed the first single-lens reflex camera design, patenting it on 20 August 1961: a pivoted mirror, placed at 45 degrees inside the camera, reflected the image from the lens onto a ground glass-screen set in the top of the camera for framing and focusing. When ready, the mirror was swung up out of the way to allow light to reach the plate at the back of the camera. The design was manufactured for a few years by Thomas Ross and J.H. Dallmeyer.
    In 1861 James Clerk Maxwell asked Sutton to prepare a series of photographs for use in his lecture "On the theory of three primary colours", to be presented at the Royal Institution in London on 17 May 1861. Maxwell required three photographs to be taken through red, green and blue filters, which were to be printed as lantern slides and projected in superimposition through three projectors. If his theory was correct, a colour reproduction of the original subject would be produced. Sutton used liquid filters: ammoniacal copper sulphate for blue, copper chloride for the green and iron sulphocyanide for the red. A fourth exposure was made through lemon-yellow glass, but was not used in the final demonstration. A tartan ribbon in a bow was used as the subject; the wet-collodion process in current use required six seconds for the blue exposure, about twice what would have been needed without the filter. After twelve minutes no trace of image was produced through the green filter, which had to be diluted to a pale green: a twelve-minute exposure then produced a serviceable negative. Eight minutes was enough to record an image through the red filter, although since the process was sensitive only to blue light, nothing at all should have been recorded. In 1961, R.M.Evans of the Kodak Research Laboratory showed that the red liquid transmitted ultraviolet radiation, and by an extraordinary coincidence many natural red dye-stuffs reflect ultraviolet. Thus the red separation was made on the basis of non-visible radiation rather than red, but the net result was correct and the projected images did give an identifiable reproduction of the original. Sutton's photographs enabled Maxwell to establish the validity of his theory and to provide the basis upon which all subsequent methods of colour photography have been founded.
    JW / BC

    Biographical history of technology > Sutton, Thomas

  • 17 lancer

    lancer [lɑ̃se]
    ➭ TABLE 3
    1. transitive verb
       a. ( = jeter) to throw
       b. [+ flèche, obus] to fire ; [+ bombe] to drop ; [+ fusée, torpille] to launch
       c. ( = émettre) [+ accusations, injures] to hurl ; [+ avertissement, mandat d'arrêt] to issue ; [+ théorie] to put forward ; [+ appel] to launch ; [+ SOS, signal, invitation] to send out
       d. ( = faire démarrer, déclencher) [+ navire, projet, entreprise, attaque] to launch ; [+ voiture] to get up to speed ; [+ processus, discussion] to start ; [+ emprunt] to issue ; [+ idée] to come up with
    • une fois lancé, on ne peut plus l'arrêter ! once he gets warmed up there's no stopping him!
       e. ( = faire connaître) to launch
    2. reflexive verb
       a. (mutuellement) [+ balle] to throw to each other ; [+ injures, accusations] to exchange
       b. ( = sauter) to leap ; ( = se précipiter) to rush
    • se lancer dans [+ aventure, dépenses, travaux, grève] to embark on ; [+ discussion] to launch into ; [+ métier, politique] to go into ; [+ bataille] to pitch into
    3. masculine noun
    • le lancer du disque/du javelot/du marteau the discus/javelin/hammer
    * * *

    I
    1. lɑ̃se
    1) ( jeter) to throw [ballon, caillou, javelot]

    lancer un coup de pied/poing à quelqu'un — to kick/to punch somebody

    2) (envoyer, mettre en route) to launch [satellite, fusée, navire]; to fire [flèche, missile] ( sur at); to drop [bombe]; to launch [offensive, projet, enquête, produit, chanteur]; to start up [engine]; to take [something] to full speed [véhicule]

    lancer une voiture à 150 km/h — to take a car up to 150 kph

    3) ( émettre) to throw out [fumée, flammes]; to give [regard, cri]; to put about [rumeur]; to issue [avis, ultimatum]; to send out [invitation]; to float [emprunt]
    4) ( proférer) to hurl [insulte] (à at); to make [menace, accusation]; to let out [juron]; to crack [plaisanterie]

    2.
    (colloq) verbe intransitif ( élancer) to throb

    3.
    se lancer verbe pronominal
    1) ( s'engager)
    2) ( sauter)
    3) ( s'envoyer) ( pour attraper) to throw [something] to each other [ballon]; ( pour faire mal) to throw [something] at each other [pierre]; to exchange [insultes]
    4) ( se faire connaître) [acteur] to make a name for oneself

    II lɑ̃se
    nom masculin

    le lancer, la pêche au lancer — rod and reel fishing

    * * *
    lɑ̃se
    1. nm
    SPORT (= épreuve) throwing no pl
    2. vt
    1) (= jeter) [objet, ballon] to throw

    lancer qch à qn — to throw sth to sb, to throw sb sth

    Lance-moi le ballon! — Throw the ball to me!, Throw me the ball!, [injures] to hurl sth at sb

    2) [missile, roquette] to fire

    Ce modèle lance des roquettes. — This model fires rockets.

    3)
    4) [produit, artiste] to launch

    Ils viennent de lancer un nouveau modèle. — They've just launched a new model.

    5) [fusée, bateau] to launch
    6) [proclamation, mandat d'arrêt] to issue
    7) [emprunt] to issue
    * * *
    lancer verb table: placer
    A nm
    1 Sport ( action) throwing; ( coup) throw; aire de lancer throwing area; le lancer du disque/javelot/marteau throwing the discus/javelin/hammer; le lancer du poids putting the shot; son troisième lancer his/her third throw;
    2 Pêche le lancer, la pêche au lancer rod and reel fishing; prendre une truite au lancer to catch a trout with a rod and reel.
    B vtr
    1 ( jeter) to throw [ballon, caillou]; ( violemment) to hurl, to fling [objet]; Pêche to cast [ligne]; Sport to throw [disque, javelot, marteau]; lancer le poids to put the shot; lancer qch par terre/dans l'eau/en l'air to throw sth to the ground/in the water/(up) in the air; lancer qch à qn ( pour qu'il l 'attrape) to throw sth to sb; (pour faire peur, mal) to throw sth at sb; lance-moi la balle throw me the ball, throw the ball to me; lancer une assiette à la tête de qn to throw ou fling a plate at sb; il lance à 30 mètres Sport he can throw 30 metresGB; lancer un coup de pied/poing à qn to kick/punch sb; lancer ses bras en avant to swing one's arms forward;
    2 ( envoyer) to launch [satellite, fusée]; to fire [flèche, missile] (sur, à at); to drop [bombe] (sur on); lancer ses chiens après qn/sur une piste to set one's dogs on sb/on a trail; lancer son cheval dans la foule to spur one's horse forward into the crowd; lancer ses troupes à l'assaut to send one's troops into the attack; la cathédrale lance ses flèches vers le ciel the spires of the cathedral soar into the sky;
    3 ( projeter) to throw out [fumée, flammes, lave, étincelles]; lancer des éclairs [yeux] to flash; lancer mille feux [bijou] to sparkle;
    4 ( émettre) to give [regard, cri]; to sing [note]; to put out [rumeur]; to issue [avis, ultimatum, mandat d'amener]; to send out [SOS, invitation]; to float [emprunt, idée]; lancer une proposition au hasard to toss out a suggestion;
    5 ( proférer) to hurl [insulte] (à at); to make [menace, accusation] (contre against); to let out [juron]; to crack [plaisanterie]; lancer une bêtise to say something silly; lancer une accusation à qn to level an accusation at sb; il m'a lancé que he told me that; lança-t-il he said; ‘à demain !’ lança-t-il ‘see you tomorrow!’ he called; lança-t-il avec désinvolture he said casually;
    6 ( mettre en route) to launch [navire]; to launch [offensive, projet, enquête, affaire, campagne publicitaire]; Comm, Pub to launch [produit, marque, entreprise, chanteur]; lancer qn dans une carrière to launch sb on a career; c'est le film qui l'a lancé it's the film which made his name; lancer un pays sur la voie de la démocratisation to put a country on the road to democracy; lancer qn sur un sujet to start ou set sb off on a subject;
    7 ( faire démarrer) to start up [engine]; to set [sth] going [balancier, hélice]; ( faire accélérer) to take [sth] to full speed [véhicule]; lancer une voiture à 150 km/h to take a car up to 150 kph; une fois le véhicule lancé once the vehicle has got up speed; le train était lancé à fond the train was tearing along; lancer un cheval to give a horse its head; lancer sa monture au galop to spur one's mount into a gallop;
    8 Gén Civ lancer un pont sur une rivière to bridge a river, to throw a bridge across a river.
    C ○vi ( élancer) to throb; mon doigt me lance my finger is throbbing.
    D se lancer vpr
    1 ( s'engager) se lancer dans to launch into [explication]; to embark on [opération, programme, dépenses]; to take up [passe-temps, informatique, cuisine]; se lancer dans les affaires/le surgelé to go into business/frozen foods; se lancer dans la lecture d'un roman to start reading a novel; se lancer dans des dépenses to get involved in expense; se lancer dans l'inconnu to venture into the unknown;
    2 ( sauter) to leap, to jump; ( s'élancer) se lancer dans une course to set off on a race; se lancer à la conquête d'un pays/du marché to set out to conquer a country/to get the market; se lancer dans le vide to leap ou jump into space; se lancer du toit to jump off the roof; se lancer sur qn to leap at sb, to fall on sb; lance-toi! fig go on (then)!; j'hésitais mais je me suis quand même lancé I hesitated but eventually I went ahead;
    3 ( prendre de l'élan) to get a run-up; recule pour que je me lance move back a bit so I can get a run at it ou get up some speed;
    4 ( s'envoyer) [personnes] ( pour attraper) to throw [sth] to each other [ballon, objet]; ( pour faire mal) to throw [sth] at each other [pierre, projectile]; to exchange [injures, insultes];
    5 ( se faire connaître) [chanteur, acteur] to make a name for oneself.
    lancer franc ( au basket) free throw.
    I
    [lɑ̃se] nom masculin
    lancer léger/lourd fixed/free reel casting
    II
    [lɑ̃se] verbe transitif
    A.[ENVOYER, ÉMETTRE]
    1. [jeter] to throw
    elle m'a lancé la balle she threw me the ball, she threw the ball to me
    2. [à l'aide d'un instrument] to fire, to shoot
    [bombe] to drop
    3. [émettre - cri] to let out (inseparable) ; [ - remarque] to make
    4. [diffuser - décret, consigne] to send ou to put out (separable), to issue
    lancer des invitations to send ou to give out invitations
    lancer un SOS/un appel à la radio to send out an SOS/an appeal on the radio
    lancer un mandat d'amener/un ultimatum to issue a summons/an ultimatum
    B.[METTRE EN MARCHE, FAIRE DÉBUTER]
    1. [faire partir brusquement]
    [mettre en train - campagne] to launch ; [ - affaire] to set up ; [ - idée] to float ; [ - mode] to start
    2. [faire fonctionner - généralement] to get going ou started, to start
    [INFORMATIQUE - programme] to start
    lancer un moteur to rev up ou to start an engine
    le train était lancé à 150 km/h quand... the train was hurtling along at 150 km/h when...
    3. [faire connaître - produit] to launch
    c'est ce roman/cette émission qui l'a lancé this novel/programme made him famous
    4. (familier) [orienter - discussion] to get going
    une fois qu'il est lancé sur ce sujet, on ne peut plus l'arrêter once he gets going on the subject, there's no stopping him
    5. [engager] to lead
    ————————
    [lɑ̃se] verbe intransitif
    [élancer - douleur] to stab
    ça me lance dans l'épaule, l'épaule me lance I've got a sharp stabbing pain in my shoulder
    ————————
    se lancer verbe pronominal (emploi réciproque)
    elles se lançaient des injures they were hurling insults back and forth, they were exchanging insults
    ————————
    se lancer verbe pronominal intransitif
    1. [se précipiter] to throw oneself
    se lancer dans le vide to jump ou to throw oneself into empty space
    2. [se mettre à parler]
    3. [prendre l'initiative]
    allez, lance-toi et demande une augmentation go on, take the plunge and ask for a rise
    ————————
    se lancer dans verbe pronominal plus préposition
    1. [s'aventurer dans - explication, aventure] to embark on
    2. [se mettre à pratiquer] to get involved in

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > lancer

  • 18 Albert, Wilhelm August Julius

    [br]
    b. 24 January 1787 Hannover, Germany
    d. 4 July 1846 Clausthal, Harz, Germany
    [br]
    German mining official, successful applier of wire cable.
    [br]
    After studying law at the University of Göttingen, Albert turned to the mining industry and in 1806 started his career in mining administration in the Harz district, where he became Chief Inspector of mines thirty years later. His influence on the organization of the mining industry was considerable and he contributed valuable ideas for the development of mining technology. For example, he initiated experiments with Reichenbach's water-column pump in Harz when it had been working successfully in the transportation of brine in Bavaria, and he encouraged Dörell to work on his miner's elevator.
    The increasing depths of shafts in the Harz district brought problems with hoisting as the ropes became too heavy and tended to break. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, iron link chains replaced the hempen ropes which were expensive and wore out too quickly, especially in the wet conditions in the shafts. After he had experimented for six years using counterbalancing iron link chains, which broke too easily, in 1834 he conceived the idea of producing stranded cables from iron wires. Their breaking strength and flexibility depended greatly on the softness of the iron and the way of laying the strands. Albert produced the cable by attaching the wires to strings which he turned evenly; this method became known as "Albert lay". He was not the first to conceive the idea of metal cables: there exists evidence for such cables as far back as Pompeii; Leonardo da Vinci made sketches of cables made from brass wires; and in 1780 the French engineer Reignier applied iron cables for lightning conductors. The idea also developed in various other mining areas, but Albert cables were the first to gain rapidly direct common usage worldwide.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1835, "Die Anfertigung von Treibseilen aus geflochtenem Eisendraht", Karstens Archiv 8: 418–28.
    Further Reading
    K.Karmarsch, "W.A.J.Albert", Allgemeine deutsche Biographie 1:212–3.
    W.Bornhardt, 1934, W.A.J.Albert und die Erfindung der Eisendrahtseile, Berlin (a detailed description of his inventions, based on source material).
    C.Bartels, 1992, Vom frühneuzeitlichen Montangewerbe zur Bergbauindustrie, Bochum: Deut sches Bergbau-Museum (evaluates his achievements within the framework of technological development in the Harz mining industry).
    WK

    Biographical history of technology > Albert, Wilhelm August Julius

  • 19 Bedson, George

    SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy
    [br]
    b. 3 November 1820 Sutton Coldfield, Warwickshire, England
    d. 12 December 1884 Manchester (?), England
    [br]
    English metallurgist, inventor of the continuous rolling mill.
    [br]
    He acquired a considerable knowledge of wire-making in his father's works before he took a position in 1839 at the works of James Edleston at Warrington. From there, in 1851, he went to Manchester as Manager of Richard Johnson \& Sons' wire mill, where he remained for the rest of his life. It was there that he initiated several important improvements in the manufacture of wire. These included a system of circulating puddling furnace water bottoms and sides, and a galvanizing process. His most important innovation, however, was the continuous mill for producing iron rod for wiredrawing. Previously the red-hot iron billets had to be handled repeatedly through a stand or set of rolls to reduce the billet to the required shape, with time and heat being lost at each handling. In Bedson's continuous mill, the billet entered the first of a succession of stands placed as closely to each other as possible and emerged from the final one as rod suitable for wiredrawing, without any intermediate handling. A second novel feature was that alternate rolls were arranged vertically to save turning the piece manually through a right angle. That improved the quality as well as the speed of production. Bedson's first continuous mill was erected in Manchester in 1862 and had sixteen stands in tandem. A mill on this principle had been patented the previous year by Charles While of Pontypridd, South Wales, but it was Bedson who made it work and brought it into use commercially. A difficult problem to overcome was that as the piece being rolled lengthened, its speed increased, so that each pair of rolls had to increase correspondingly. The only source of power was a steam engine working a single drive shaft, but Bedson achieved the greater speeds by using successively larger gear-wheels at each stand.
    Bedson's first mill was highly successful, and a second one was erected at the Manchester works; however, its application was limited to the production of small bars, rods and sections. Nevertheless, Bedson's mill established an important principle of rolling-mill design that was to have wider applications in later years.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    Obituary, 1884, Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute 27:539–40. W.K.V.Gale, 1969, Iron and Steel, London: Longmans, pp. 81–2.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Bedson, George

  • 20 Belling, Charles Reginald

    [br]
    b. 11 May 1884 Bodmin, Cornwall, England
    d. 8 February 1965 while on a cruise
    [br]
    English electrical engineer best known as the pioneer of the wire-wound clay-former heating element which made possible the efficient domestic electric fire.
    [br]
    Belling was educated at Burts Grammar School in Lostwithiel, Cornwall, and at Crossley Schools in Halifax, Yorkshire. In 1903 he was apprenticed to Crompton \& Co. at Chelmsford in Essex, the firm that in 1894 offered for sale the earliest electric heaters. These electric radiant panels were intended as heating radiators or cooking hotplates, but were not very successful because, being cast-iron panels into which heating wires had been embedded in enamel, they tended to fracture due to the different rates of thermal expansion of the iron and the enamel. Other designs of electric heaters followed, notably the introduction of large, sausage-shaped carbon filament bulbs fitted into a fire frame and backed by reflectors. This was the idea of H. Dowsing, a collaborator of Crompton, in 1904.
    After qualifying in 1906, Belling left Crompton \& Co. and went to work for Ediswan at Ponders End in Hertfordshire. He left in 1912 to set up his own business, which he began in a small shed in Enfield. With a small staff and capital of £450, he took out his first patent for his wire-wound-former electric fire in the same year. The resistance wire, made from nickel-chrome alloy such as that patented in 1906 by A.L. Marsh, was coiled round a clay former. Six such bars were attached to a cast-iron frame with heating control knobs, and the device was marketed as the Standard Belling Fire. Advertised in 1912, the fire was an immediate success and was followed by many other variations. Improvements to the first model included wire safety guards, enamel finishes and a frame ornamented with copper and brass.
    Belling turned his attention to hotplates, cookers, immersion heaters, electric irons, water urns and kettles, producing the Modernette Cooker (1919), the multi-parabola fire bar (1921), the plate and dish warmer (1924), the storage heater (1926) and the famous Baby Belling cookers, the first of which appeared in 1929. By 1955 business had developed so well that Belling opened another factory at Burnley, Lancashire. He partly underwrote, for the amount of £1 million, a proposed scientific technical college for the electrical industry at Enfield.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    G.Jukes, 1963, The Story of Belling, Belling and Co. Ltd (produced by the company in its Golden Jubilee year).
    DY

    Biographical history of technology > Belling, Charles Reginald

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